Uncategorized
The Bitcoin Double-Spend That Never Happened – CoinDesk
“The bitcoin ‘double-spend’ media headline has certainly spooked investors, but it’s a misunderstanding of how the Bitcoin network operates. In this case, a chain re-organization of one block occurred, which is a fairly common occurrence,” Jason Lau, COO of OKCoin exchange, told CoinDesk.
The reason this does not qualify as a double-spend is because only one of these transactions (the one recorded on Bitcoin’s longest blockchain history) is considered valid by the network while the bitcoin in the other transaction cannot be spent because the network does not consider it valid.
Due to the distributed and highly competitive nature of Bitcoin mining, mining pools from time to time mine the same block simultaneously and thus cause a split in the blockchain’s history. When this happens, both blocks will have miners add on to them until one history wins out over the other.
Let’s say, for instance, mining pool A and mining pool B mine a block at the same time, resulting in two different blockchain histories (versions A and B). Going forward, all other miners have to choose which version of the chain to build on. Let’s say the miner who finds the next block in the sequence chooses to build on version A, but then afterwards the next two or three or more miners decide to build on version B. Version B ultimately wins out as more miners choose to mine that transaction history.
This was the case at block 666,833, wherein two blocks were spawned by separate mining pools and a one-block reorganization, as described by Lau, occurred. The above scenario is why Satoshi Nakamoto said in the white paper that a transaction should only be considered final after it has six confirmations (i.e., six new blocks are mined onto the chain that has recorded the transaction).
The supposed double-spend first became news yesterday after BitMex Research reported on block 666,833’s abnormalities on Twitter. The reorganization meant a “stale block” (also sometimes called an “orphan block”) had been mined that contained bitcoin also spent on Bitcoin’s valid chain, so a transaction containing the same bitcoin was recorded on both the relevant and irrelevant chains.
What BitMEX research called at first a “double-spend-like scenario” now looks like a perfect storm caused by the one block reorg and a replace-by-fee transaction. A RBF transaction occurs when you tell your wallet to send the same bitcoin again but with a higher fee, with the hopes that it will be confirmed before the lower fee transaction.
Meanwhile, the higher fee transaction found its way onto the stale block. The final result: 0.00062063 BTC is recorded as existing on the address 1D6aebVY5DbS1v7rNTnX2xeYcfWM3os1va on the irrelevant transaction history while 0.00014499 BTC exists on the same address but on the relevant transaction ledger.
“It’s kinda a double-spend but not really. Normally a double-spend refers to when you intentionally replace a transaction that sends money to someone with one that sends it to your own wallet,” Ben Carman, a Bitcoin Core contributor and developer at Suredbits, told CoinDesk.
In this scenario, “the important thing to know is that, yes, there might be different versions of the same transaction, but only [one] will ultimately be accepted” by nodes and users of the Bitcoin network, Coin Metrics Bitcoin network data analyst Lucas Nuzzi wrote on Twitter.
A double-spend typically means a sender tricks a recipient into accepting a transaction that the sender actually sends to itself, as well. This is why it’s considered best practice for merchants to wait for six confirmations before a payment is considered final to avoid an outcome like this one.
This content was originally published here.
It’s a universal truth, kids do the craziest things—all of the time. Not only that but when you ask them why they thought that putting cheese between their toes was a good idea, they’ll just shrug and say, “I don’t know.”
It takes a while before children get old enough to not try everything that crosses their mind. And before that happens, parents make sure they take pictures of their shenanigans. Otherwise, why would people believe they used to trim their nails so that they would look like finger crowns?
Luckily for us, some moms and dads share these “kids make no sense” photos on the Internet too. So sit back, relax (you won’t have to clean up the mess), and enjoy this exclusive compilation of malfunctioning kids by Bored Panda!
#1 My Mom Said This Was One Of My Favorite Things To Do As A Child
Image credits: gronkaflomarous
#2 Asked My Sister If My Nephew Was Enjoying The Wedding. This Is The Picture She Sent Back
Image credits: caityfaced88
#3 Walked In On My Son Watching TV Like This. Freaked Me Out For A Second
Image credits: mc_dad
#4 “He’s Upset His Gloves Match His Jacket”
Image credits:
#5 My 4-Year-Old Daughter Was Watching Something On Her Tablet That Scared Her. So She Came Back With Protective Headgear
Image credits: Russell0812
#6 Hmm, That’s A Worry
Image credits:
Image credits: MokeOG
#8 Pants
Image credits:
#9 This Is How My Son Was Sleeping. He May Be Immortal
Image credits: Backpacks_Got_Jets
#10 My 2-Year-Old Cousin Is Genuinely In Love With Her Skeleton
Image credits: dancingdandydaisies
#11 We Have 6 Beds And My Kids Still Sleep Like The Grandparents From Charlie And The Chocolate Factory Every Night
Image credits: killercherry99
#12 My Two Kids Sitting Next To The Brand-New Couch My Wife Ordered Them
Image credits: AlexanderAF
#13 Why Go To Playground, When You Can Have Your Own Personal Customized Brother-Swing
Image credits:
#14 Imagination Level 100. My 2-Year-Old Daughter Drew A Pillow With Chalk, Then Laid Down For A Nap
Image credits: mpbishop
#15 Wife And I Went Out One Night And Came Home To My Son Sleeping Like This
Image credits: paqmanbiker
#16 My Brother Has Discovered That His Swim Shirt Holds Air
Image credits: OrdinaryRedditor2
#17 Instead Of Just Letting Us Know Verbally She Woke Up From Her Nap, Or Opening Up The Cracked Door, She Thought She Needed To Wave At Us From Under The Door Until She Got Our Attention
Image credits: kaitykat19
#18 This Is How My 2.5-Year-Old Niece Insists On Holding Her New Baby Brother
Image credits: thisismyfupa
#19 He Looks Comfortable
Image credits:
#20 Tablet Computer Yoga
Image credits:
#21 Not Sure If I Should Be Proud Or Concerned. My Daughter Said “He’s Got The Rona!” And Started Making Him A Coffin
Image credits: alxrite
#22 Lost My Kid In Target. Found Him Here
Image credits: cassper1
#23 Little Cousin’s Prompt Was, “What Place Do You Want To Go And Visit? It Can Be Anywhere In The World”
Image credits: garbich
#24 Was Looking Through My Fourth Grade Yearbook And Found This
Image credits: Sip_the_bleach
#25 Honest Card
Image credits:
#26 Pool vs. Paint Bucket
Image credits:
#27 Took My Daughter Out For A Nice Dinner
Image credits: thegreatbarcia
#28 Introducing My Middle Child (Please Note The 3 Other Children Playing Normally In The Distance). She Found A Dead Squirrel And Was Super Excited
Image credits: dawndollygolden
#29 Daughter Wanted A Barbie Centaur. Introducing Barbitaur
Image credits: pooper1978
#30 Turn Your Back For 30 Seconds
Image credits: looseleaflover
#31 Kid At Walmart Dragging His Head On The Ground While Mom Was Shopping
Image credits: spooky-mcgriddles
#32 My Daughter Always Steals Printer Paper To Draw On So For Christmas I Wrapped A Pack Of 500 Pages Of Paper. She Started Running Around Screaming With Excitement
Easiest present ever.
Image credits: imod3
#33 Went To Check On My Daughter
Image credits: spanishcastle12
#34 I Was An Interesting Child
Image credits: jrobbio
#35 My Daughters Wanted To Play With Chalk Outside. I Came Out To Them Setting Up A Fake Crime Scene
Image credits: kekembas17
#36 We Caught My Girlfriend’s Niece Doing This At The Mall
Image credits: Codybrown23
#37 My Little Brother Eats A Burger Layer By Layer
Image credits: THEFATCAT78600
#38 My Friend Is Potty Training Her Kid. This Is How She Poops When She’s Cold
Image credits: kopo27
#39 My 3.5-Year-Old Niece Thinks She’s A Ninja
Image credits: zimu273
#40 My Daughter Thinks The Closet Looks Less Creepy At Night Like This. That Makes One Of Us
Image credits: bunnycat77
#41 My Niece. My Spirit Animal
Image credits: RobotThoughts
#42 Trying On Clothes With A Toddler In A Nutshell
Image credits: nikkicolerose
#43 My Kid Sleeps Like He Fell Down In Family Guy
Image credits: AirmanAJK
#44 Spider-Men Sleepover
Image credits:
#45 Ah, Siblings
Image credits: Texas_Tusks
#46 My Son Watching TV This Morning
Image credits: heyheyhey12_12
#47 My Son Found A Piece Of Brick Outside And Put It In A Ziplock Bag For Safe Keeping And Brought It Inside
Image credits: PhnxDarkDirk
#48 My Daughter Now Has A Special Book, Carries It Around Everywhere And Uses It For Everything. It Is The Official Mr. Boston Guide To Bartending And Drink Mixing
The other day she snuck it into the car and tried to take it to daycare. She asks to sleep with it, as if it’s a stuffy.
Image credits: Dwingp
#49 Checked On My Daughter To See How School Was Going. Now Waiting For The Teachers Email. What’s With The Bat?
Image credits: VinTheButcher
#50 This Kid Eats Onions Like They’re Apples
Image credits: sitawhitty
#51 My Son Didn’t Want To Be A Tiger Or A Superhero, He Wanted To Be A Traffic Light
Image credits: oimky
#52 By Special Request. I’ve Also Packed Her The Apple Peel
Image credits: giftsfromthelittles
#53 Keeping His Back Stretched. What A Healthy TV Watcher
Image credits:
#54 He’s Only 1
Image credits:
#55 My 2-Year-Old Daughter Was Pretty Hungry
Image credits: Olywa1280
#56 “Necessities” For International Travel According To A Five-Year-Old
Image credits: dhant122
#57 The Way My Brother Likes To Watch Youtube
Image credits: Sad_Fly834
#58 It Was Too Quiet Upstairs. This Is How We Found Her
Image credits: AcriDice
#59 If Only I Could Sleep Like This Kid
Image credits: kongaman
#60 To Avoid Perpetuating Gender Stereotypes, I Gave My Daughter A Mix Of Dolls And Toy Cars To Play With. This Is What Happened
Image credits: ju2tin
#61 Heard My Son Making Weird Cat Noises. Found Him This Way
Image credits: blr6183
#62 I Was Going Through An Old Family Photo Album, I Found A Picture Of Me When I Was 9
Image credits: couldnt_help_myself
#63 Found This While Looking Through Old Pics. I Was A Weird Kid
Image credits: yz125
#64 My Brother “Laying On The Bed”
Image credits: Handsome_Wanker_
#65 No, You’re Not Dead, Mickey Is
Image credits:
#66 Yes, She Put Cheese In Her Toes
Image credits: vintagechiccreations
#67 My Son Is Starting His Summer Off Right
Image credits: hashtagf***you12
#68 My Sister And I Used To Rip The Heads Off Of Monster High Dolls And Attach The Head To Their Calves
Image credits: avaanthony
#69 Came Outside To Check On My Son Who Said He Was Going To Take A Nap. I Think He’s Living His Best Life
Image credits: jbearden1221
#70 I’m Helping My Mom Clean Out My Little Sister’s Room And We Found This Ball With Toys Glued To It
Image credits: jenikat_
#71 My Little Sister Was Complaining About Wanting To Swim But Having No Pool. I Found Her In The Backyard Like This
Image credits: B4NGLES
#72 My Daughter Is Mad Because I Won’t Open The Ranch Cup For Her. She Doesn’t Like Ranch Whatsoever
Image credits: pissfilledbottles
#73 When The Uncrustable Has Too Much “Crust” Still
Image credits: t.coupland
#74 Took My Daughter For A Hike. She Wanted To Pack Her Own Gear. This Is What She Packed
Image credits: benglescott
#75 Starbursts
Image credits: Juanbond622
#76 My Daughter Fell Asleep With Teddy Ruxpin Still On
Image credits: CaribouofJustice
#77 Luckily He Doesn’t Have A Credit Card
Image credits: gaucho8200
#78 Younger Son Was Trimming His Fingernails Today And Decided To Give One Of Them A Crown
Image credits: mackidkyriec
#79 My Daughter Is Weird. Here Is A Picture Of Her Laying Under The Coffee Table While Blowing Raspberries Into A Paper Plate
Image credits: I_am_spoons
#80 I See That Other Guys Brother And Raise My Son
Image credits: Anusbagels
#81 Y’all. I Have No Words. My Child Is Something. Spinach And Fruit Loops. Thankfully, She Has The Best Vitamins
Image credits: braceybunch
#82 How Do You Get Your Toddler To Eat? We Have To Draw Creepy Renditions Of Paul Stanley On Everything Possible
Image credits: mrsbcubed
#83 Maybe He Just Isn’t Into TV
Image credits:
#84 This Is A Real Phenomenon I See
Image credits:
#85 Now He Will Surely Meet Santa
Image credits:
#86 My Grandson. Gotta Luv Them
Image credits:
#87 This Looks Comfortable
Image credits:
#88 Not Sure How I Should Feel About My Daughters Drawing Chalk Outlines Of Each Other
Image credits: patwig15
#89 I Found This Collection Of Heads In My Kids’ Playroom
Image credits: hollywollyawesome
#90 This Child Normally Eats A Cheese Only Taco, But Tonight Opted For A Carrot Only Taco And She Ate Every Bite
Image credits: food_dork_and_mom_to_many
#91 My Christmas Card From Preschool
Image credits: crocetti0330
#92 What My Daughter Drew On The Back Of Her School Work. At School. Sweet Baby Jesus
Image credits: negativenancy__
#93 I Raise You My Apple Torturer
Image credits: wolvster
#94 Coming Back From The Narnia
Image credits:
#95 That Should Hurt
Image credits:
This content was originally published here.
If you have a friend or family member who experiences panic attacks, it’s natural to feel overwhelmed and helpless if it happens in your presence. Like any other mental health condition, it’s impossible to truly understand what a panic attack feels like unless you’ve experienced one yourself — but that doesn’t mean you can’t help your loved one through it.
By definition, a panic attack is a “sudden episode” in which a person experiences intense fear despite not being in any sort of danger. The fear manifests itself physically, and people who experience panic attacks often feel as though they’re having a heart attack or even dying. Here are some strategies to help a loved one through it.
1. Do a Grounding Exercise Together
Doreen Marshall, PhD, licensed psychologist and vice president of mission engagement at the American Foundation For Suicide Prevention, told POPSUGAR that the first step is to help the person “ground” themself and connect to the present moment. “Since panic attacks have a beginning, middle, and end, when someone is in the moment of an attack, encourage them to use mindfulness techniques or deep breathing exercises to help reset their nervous system,” Dr. Marshall said.
You can help ground someone by getting them to focus their attention on their immediate physical surroundings. For example, Dr. Marshall recommends having the person focus on a nearby object for 10 seconds or name five objects they notice around them. “It can also help to have the person make physical contact with a nearby object, such as putting their hands on a table or a chair or running their hands under cold water to help ground them,” she said.
2. Help Them Regulate Their Breathing
A panic attack makes it difficult to breathe, which is why the person may feel like they’re having a heart attack or dying. David Rakofsky, PsyD, licensed clinical psychologist and president of Wellington Counseling Group in Chicago, told POPSUGAR the best way to help a person regulate their breathing is to breathe with them. “By the time a person is in full panic mode, their blood gasses have likely shifted from an over-abundance of oxygen, which can fuel the accelerating state of the panic,” Dr. Rakofsky explained. “By regulating breath, you start to reverse this cycle.”
Dr. Rakofsky recommends the “times two” rule, which means that for every second you breathe air in, you double it on the way out. “Always keep in mind [that] a person in panic or in a heightened state of anxiety will not be able to take in a lot of air since there is a feeling of constriction in the chest,” he said. For this reason, Dr. Rakofsky says to start small and then work your way up to taking longer, deeper breaths together.
3. Know What Not to Say
“Avoid phrases that could provoke more panic and come off as dismissive, shaming, or blaming,” Dr. Marshall said. For example, you shouldn’t tell someone who’s experiencing a panic attack to calm down. Instead, use phrasing that shows you’re focused on listening to the person and helping them get through the panic attack, like “I’m here with you,” “Concentrate on your breathing,” or “Stay in the present.”
Dr. Rakofsky also emphasized the importance of never telling a person that the panic attack is all in their head. “The feeling of invalidation and psychological invisibility that comes with being told this is absolutely crushing and likely to bring about a greater state of panic and distress,” Dr. Rakofsky told POPSUGAR, noting that it also increases distrust and a lack of hope that they’ll find real, helpful treatment for their panic attacks.
“Once the panic attack is over, then you can help them address what may have contributed to the panic attack and seek professional help,” Dr. Marshall said.
4. Encourage Them to Seek Professional Help
If a person has panic attacks and isn’t receiving mental health treatment from a therapist and psychiatrist, encourage them to seek help from a professional who has experience treating panic and anxiety disorders. “Connecting with a mental health professional can help someone who experiences a panic attack or attacks have access to a resource who can help determine what’s happening in the moment as well as manage episodes over time,” Dr. Marshall said.
This content was originally published here.
Uncategorized
Regular exercise offers stronger mental health benefits than cardiorespiratory fitness, study finds
A Swedish study published in Mental Health and Physical Activity has shed light on the well-known link between exercise and mental health. The researchers found that, when accounting for sedentary behavior, cardiorespiratory fitness does not appear to improve anxiety and depressive symptoms, while frequency of exercise does.
The link between exercise and mental health has been well-documented, and yet findings are limited when it comes to the type of physical activity that is most beneficial. The literature has yet to establish the relative importance of the frequency, intensity, and duration of exercise. As study authors Mats Hallgren and his team say, it is also unclear how cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) relates to mental health.
CRF refers to the strength of the body’s circulatory and respiratory response to physical activity, and it tends to improve with regular exercise. In their study, Hallgren and his team set out to disentangle the relative importance of CRF and exercise frequency in the prevention of mental health symptoms. As the researchers say, filling in these gaps in research can help improve the design of exercise-based prevention strategies for mental health.
The researchers analyzed data from a general health assessment that was administered to a large number of Swedish employees. The sample was made up of 36,595 middle-aged men and women with an average age of 41. The questionnaires asked respondents how many times a week they had exercised in the past 30 days and how often they had experienced “worry, depressed mood or anxiety.” They also completed a test of cardiorespiratory fitness on a stationary bicycle and were then classified as either low, medium or high CRF.
First, the researchers found evidence that more frequent exercise was linked to improved mental health. Respondents who reported exercising at least 1-2 times a week were less likely to report symptoms of depression and anxiety, even after accounting for sedentary behavior — which was measured as the amount of leisure time participants reported spending sitting still.
As the researchers explain, sedentary behavior appears to play an important role in the link between exercise and mental health. Another study led by Hallgren found evidence that passive sedentary behaviors, such as TV-watching, increase depressive symptoms while mentally-active sedentary behaviors may actually prevent them.
Interestingly, cardiorespiratory fitness appeared to be less important when it came to the prevention of mental health symptoms. While respondents in the medium and high CRF groups reported fewer symptoms of depression and anxiety, this effect disappeared when sedentary behavior was taken into account.
“Taken together,” Hallgren and colleagues report, “this suggests that high CRF may not be necessary to prevent common mental health symptoms. Instead, regular participation in a preferred form of structured exercise may be of greater relative importance.”
The researchers discuss the possibility that the impact of cardiorespiratory fitness may only be relevant when comparing people with very low CRF levels to those with higher levels. Previous research suggests that CRF appears to be most beneficial to somatic health when looking at improvements among those with low fitness levels. It could be that the current study’s sample, which was made up exclusively of employed persons, did not include enough people with low fitness levels to capture such an effect.
A substantial limitation was that symptoms of depression and anxiety were measured using a single item, and the researchers stress that this measure does not reflect a diagnosis of depression or anxiety. Moreover, symptoms of anxiety and symptoms of depression are distinct and would be better assessed separately in future studies.
The researchers conclude that regular exercise may be enough to lower anxiety and depressive symptoms among most people, while it may be useful to encourage exercises that boost CRF among people with particularly low levels of fitness.
The study, “Associations of exercise frequency and cardiorespiratory fitness with symptoms of depression and anxiety – a cross-sectional study of 36,595 adults”, was authored by Mats Hallgren, Aaron Kandola, Brendon Stubbs, Thi-Thuy-Dung Nguyen, Peter Wallin, Gunnar Andersson, and Elin Ekblom-Bak.
(Image by from Pixabay)
This content was originally published here.
The Power Of “Yet”: How to Teach Kids To Aspire For More
Feel Like Your Job is a Waste of Time? Here’s How Others Found Meaning
